Déjà vu
Déjà vu, (/ˌdeɪʒɑː ˈvuː/)
from French,
literally "already seen", is the phenomenon of having
the strong sensation that an event or experience currently being experienced
has been experienced in the past, whether it has actually happened or not. The
psychologist Edward B.
Titchener in his book A Textbook of Psychology (1928),
explained déjà vu as caused by a person having a brief glimpse of an object or
situation, before the brain has completed "constructing" a full
conscious perception of the experience. Such a "partial perception"
then results in a false sense of familiarity. Scientific approaches reject
the explanation of déjà vu as "precognition" or "prophecy", but rather explain it as an anomaly of memory,
which creates a distinct impression that an experience is "being
recalled". This explanation is supported by the fact that the sense
of "recollection" at the time is strong in most cases, but that the
circumstances of the "previous" experience (when, where, and how the
earlier experience occurred) are uncertain or believed to be impossible.
As time passes, subjects may exhibit a strong
recollection of having the "unsettling" experience of déjà vu itself,
but little or no recollection of the specifics of the event(s) or
circumstance(s) which were the subject of the déjà vu experience itself (the
events that were being "remembered"). This may result from an
"overlap" between the neurological systems responsible for short-term memory and
those responsible for long-term memory,
resulting in (memories of) recent events erroneously being perceived as being
in the more distant past. One theory is the events are stored into memory before
the conscious part of the brain even receives the information and processes
it. However, this explanation has been criticized that the brain would not
be able to store information without a sensory input first. Another theory
suggests the brain may process sensory input (perhaps all sensory
input) as a "memory-in-progress", and that therefore during the event
itself one believes it to be a past memory. In a survey, Brown had concluded
that approximately two-thirds of the population have had déjà vu experiences. Other
studies confirm that déjà vu is a common experience in healthy individuals,
with between 31% and 96% of individuals reporting it. Déjà vu experiences that
are unusually prolonged or frequent, or in association with other symptoms such
as hallucinations, may be an indicator of neurological or psychiatric illness.
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